Public Health Nursing Practice Exam

Who is most at risk for reactivation of latent tuberculosis infections?

1. Individuals previously treated for TB.

2. Long-term cigarette smokers.

3. Immunocompromised individuals and those with certain chronic conditions.

4. People with recently diagnosed asthma or emphysema.

The correct answer is: Immunocompromised individuals and those with certain chronic conditions.

The most at-risk group for reactivation of latent tuberculosis infections includes immunocompromised individuals and those with certain chronic conditions. This is due to the fact that the immune system plays a crucial role in containing latent TB bacteria. When someone is immunocompromised—whether due to HIV/AIDS, certain cancers, immunosuppressive medications, or other health issues—their ability to control the latent infection is diminished, which significantly increases the risk of reactivation. Furthermore, chronic conditions such as diabetes can also contribute to an impaired immune response, making it easier for latent tuberculosis to become active. The interplay between weakened immune defenses and the presence of latent bacteria creates a heightened vulnerability to developing active TB disease. In contrast, individuals who have previously been treated for TB may have a reduced risk of reactivation because proper treatment usually eradicates the bacteria. Long-term cigarette smokers are at risk for various respiratory issues but do not have a direct link to latent TB reactivation like those with compromised immune systems. Individuals with recently diagnosed asthma or emphysema may also face respiratory challenges, but they are not specifically considered at heightened risk for the reactivation of latent tuberculosis compared to those who are immunocompromised.